Area of research (No. of studies address each area) | Author | Year of publication | Study design | No. of research subject | Study’s location | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The first trimester of pregnancy (7) | Abeysena and Jayawardana [16] | 2011 | Quantitative (prospective cohort) | 710 | Sri Lanka | Risk factors of inadequate gestational weight gain were low income, multiparous mothers, sleep deprivation, physical activity in terms of standing and walking, and the male sex of the baby. |
Effati-Daryani et al. [6] | 2019 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 605 | Iran | They showed the prevalence of sleep disorder in the first (40.1%), second (53.0%), third (83.9%), and whole pregnancy (59.2%). | |
Tsai et al. [26] | 2017 | Quantitative (prospective cohort) | 204 | Taiwan | Snoring in the first trimester was associated with increased depressive symptoms. | |
Facco et al. [19] | 2017 | Quantitative (prospective cohort) | 3705 (6–15 wk & 22–31 wk) | USA | There was a relationship between SDB and both hypertensive disorders and GDM. | |
Gelaye et al. [21] | 2015 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 634 | Peru | Women who experienced any childhood abuse had elevated odds of stress-related sleep disturbance and poor sleep quality during early pregnancy. | |
Román-Gálvez et al. [25] | 2018 | Quantitative (prospective cohort) | 486 (before 14 wk–6 month. pp) | Spain | Prevalence of insomnia was different in first (44.2%), second (46.3%), and last trimesters (63.7%), and postpartum (33.2%). | |
Toffol et al. [59] | 2019 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 4785 | Finland | Depression symptoms of mother during pregnancy were associated with 3.5-year-old children sleep disorders. | |
The second trimester of pregnancy (13) | Polo‐Kantola et al. [10] | 2017 | Quantitative (prospective cohort) | 78 | Finland | Poor general sleep quality, difficulty in falling asleep, the number of nocturnal awakenings per night, and too-early morning awakenings elevated in late pregnancy compared to mid-pregnancy. |
Crowley et al. [4] | 2016 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 14 | USA | Lower cortisol, progesterone, and a combined stressor protocol was associated with worse sleep quality. | |
Felder et al. [12] | 2018 | Quantitative (RCT) | 215 | USA | Poor sleep quality was prevalent among overweight and obese pregnant women and was related to worsening psychological distress, but mindfulness training significantly decreased the influence of poor sleep. | |
Li et al. [11] | 2016 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 231 | China | The risk factor for disturbed sleep was pregnancy-specific stress; however, resilience was as a protective factor for sleep quality. | |
Jahdi et al. [7] | 2013 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 312 | Iran | The prevalence of sleep disturbance in pregnant women was 87.2%. | |
Moghadam et al. [17] | 2014 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 972 (15–40 wk) | Iran | Pregnant women with sleep disorder who had a female fetus experienced more back pain and vomiting than mothers who had male fetus. | |
Zahra and Elham [36] | 2014 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 972 (15–40 wk) | Iran | Prevalence of depression among pregnant women with poor sleep quality was reported 71.7%. Also, there was a significant relationship between depression and all component of sleep quality. | |
Rezaei et al. [60] | 2014 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 972 (15–40 wk) | Iran | There was a significant relationship between depression and all common complaints of pregnancy (vomiting, headache, fatigue and drowsiness, heartburn, foot spasm, flatulence, constipation, inactivity, and stress) except backache and urgency. | |
Rezaei et al. [39] | 2015 | Quantitative (RCT) | 96 | Iran | Study declared the effectiveness of sleep health behavioral education on the prenatal care and clinical management of insomnia during pregnancy. | |
Rezaei et al. [38] | 2013 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 100 | Iran | The scores of total quality of life and one of the domains (psychological health) were associated with quality of sleep. | |
Volkovich et al. [42] | 2016 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 148 | USA | Emotional distress (i.e., depressive and anxiety symptoms) during pregnancy was related to subjective sleep disturbances but not to objective sleep disturbances. | |
Cai et al. [51] | 2017 | Quantitative (prospective cohort) | 686 (Chinese, Malay, Indian) | Asian | Poor sleep quality and short nocturnal sleep duration were independently related to an elevated risk of GDM. | |
Qiu et al. [53] | 2015 | Quantitative (case control) | 324 | Peru | Short and long sleep duration were related to elevated odds of placental abruption. | |
The third trimester of pregnancy (12) | Juulia Paavonen et al. [13] | 2017 | Quantitative (prospective cohort) | 1667 mothers and 1498 fathers | Finland | Symptoms of insomnia were associated with symptoms of depression both among mothers and fathers. Short sleep was related to depression among mothers. |
Hall et al. [14] | 2009 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 650 | Canada | One-fourth of women reported high childbirth fear. Women’s fear of childbirth was associated with fatigue, stressors, and anxiety. Fear of childbirth appeared to be part of a complex picture of women’s emotional experiences during pregnancy. | |
Gay et al. [15] | 2017 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 128 | USA | Pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational excessive weight gain were related to shorter sleep duration and more sleep disruption among women who were overweight before pregnancy. | |
Minar et al. [29] | 2013 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 300 | Slovakia | The study approved the high prevalence of RLS among pregnant women. Almost three-fourths of the symptoms were only transient throughout pregnancy. | |
Wilson et al. [35] | 2018 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 91 | Australia | PLMS were common in the third trimester of pregnancy in both hypertensive or non-hypertensive women | |
Tsai et al. [37] | 2016 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 247 | Taiwan | Both objective night time sleep less than 6 hours and self-reported poor sleep quality in healthy pregnant women were related to the risks for clinical depression. | |
Pietikäinen et al. [40] | 2019 | Quantitative (prospective cohort) | 1667 (32 wk–3 month pp) | Finland | Prenatal and postnatal sleep disorder were related to increased postpartum depression. | |
O’Brien et al. [45] | 2013 | Quantitative (prospective cohort) | 1673 | USA | Maternal snoring during pregnancy was a risk factor for adverse delivery outcomes including cesarean delivery and small-for-gestational age. | |
Peng et al. [41] | 2016 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 56 | China | Maternal sleep deprivation at different stages of pregnancy disrupted the emotional and cognitive functions of the offspring. | |
Zafarghandi et al. [50] | 2012 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 457 | UK | Sleep duration and quality of sleep could affect the type of delivery, length of labor, neonates’ Apgar score, and birth weight. | |
Howe et al. [56] | 2015 | Quantitative (prospective cohort) | 827 | New Zealand | Findings suggested self-reported breathing obstructions and leg twitching in late pregnancy were related to infant outcomes. | |
Gordon et al. [58] | 2015 | Quantitative (case control) | 295 | Australia | Supine sleep position might be an additional risk for late-pregnancy stillbirth. | |
All three trimester of pregnancy (14) | Lee et al. [1] | 2000 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 45 | USA | Increasing in total sleep time, less deep sleep, and more awakening during sleep were observed by 11–12 weeks of pregnancy. By the third month of postpartum, there was an improvement in sleep characteristics. |
Kumar [2] | 2016 | Review article | - | India | The sleep disorders during pregnancy led to adverse fetal-maternal outcomes and long term cardiovascular complication. | |
Sut et al. [5] | 2016 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 492 | Turkey | Compared to the first trimester, the risk of poor sleep quality had elevated in the second and third trimester. | |
Neau et al. [3] | 2009 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 871 | France | More than 75% of the women complained of a decrease in their vigilance. Also, a need to have a nap increased during the pregnancy. | |
Mindell et al. [32] | 2015 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 2427 | USA | Women experienced significant sleep disruption, inadequate sleep, and high rate of sleep disorder throughout pregnancy. | |
Chung et al. [20] | 2018 | Review article | 9838 | Taiwan | Prenatal sleep disorder increased the risk of developing postpartum depression. | |
Madaeva et al. [24] | 2014 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 400 | Russia | 78% of pregnant women complained of sleep disorders, obstructive sleep disordered breathing, insomnia, RLS, and a combination of these problems. The frequency of sleep disorders increased as pregnancy progresses. | |
Guilleminault et al. [31] | 2000 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 395 | USA | Abnormal breathing during sleep could be observed in healthy young pregnant women. It might contribute to the symptom of daytime sleepiness. | |
Hedman et al. [8] | 2002 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 325 | Finland | The reported frequency of parasomnias reduced during pregnancy and even more in primiparas than multiparas. | |
Ulman TF et al. [48] | 2012 | Quantitative (prospective cohort) | 72435 | USA | Eating disorder before or during pregnancy was related to sleeping problems during pregnancy and dissatisfaction of sleep after childbirth. | |
Alvarenga et al. [44] | 2013 | Review article | - | Brazil | Parental sleep affected the reproductive ability of next generations. | |
Carnelio et al. [47] | 2017 | Review article | - | Australia | SDB had known as a risk factor for IUGR, preterm labor, low birth weight, NICU admission, and low Apgar score (less than seven at one minute) in pregnancy. | |
Li et al. [55] | 2018 | Review article | 35 | China | SDB increased some prenatal outcomes (GDM, PIH, and PEC). | |
Warland et al. [57] | 2018 | Review article | 65 | Australia | Sleep disorders during pregnancy might have some poor fetal outcomes such as low birth weight, preterm labor, and stillbirth. | |
Postpartum (10) | Cetin et al. [18] | 2017 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 130 | Turkey | PEC could negatively influence on psycho-emotional state, psychopathological symptoms, and sleep patterns. |
Uglane et al. [28] | 2011 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | 541 | Norway | There was no correlation between pregnancy-related RLS and low hemoglobin levels in the first trimester; and the incidence of RLS was not affected by use of iron supplementation. | |
St-Onge et al. [33] | 2016 | Review article | - | USA | Sleep disorders were associated with adverse cardio metabolic risk including obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. | |
Spence et al. [27] | 2017 | Quantitative (retrospective cohort) | 305001 | USA | Study identified OSA was related to a higher odds of cesarean section, gestational hypertension, PEC, and preterm labor. | |
Habr et al. [30] | 2013 | Quantitative (prospective cohort) | 2025 | USA | Maternal age, smoking, race, and SDB were associated with GERD. Fetal weight or uterine size did not seem as predictive factor for developing GERD in pregnancy. | |
Gupta et al. [34] | 2016 | Review article | - | India | Study suggested that a strong family history, low level of serum iron and ferritin, vitamin D and calcium deficiency, and high estrogenic level during pregnancy might play important roles in RLS. | |
Stein et al. [49] | 2014 | Review article | - | UK | This review was mostly about maternal depression and emphasized the need of both treating the parent’s disorder and helping them with associated health providers. | |
Sharma [43] | 2019 | Review article | - | Canada | Discussing about sleep deprivation might have a role in the cause of postpartum OCD. | |
Bourjeily [54] | 2020 | Quantitative (cross-sectional) | - | USA | OSA of mother was related to a higher risk of musculoskeletal anomalies in children. | |
Yari et al. [46] | 2015 | Qualitative (individual interviews) | 35 | Iran | Three main themes were extracted from the interviews: reproductive thinking as pregnancy; sex as a taboo topic; and inappropriate relation between parents and children. |
SDB, sleep disordered breathing; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; RLS, restless legs syndrome; PLMS, periodic limb movements in sleep; IUGR, intrauterine growth retardation; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; PIH, pregnancy-induced hypertension; PEC, pre-eclampsia; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; pp, postpartum.
STROBE | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Abeysena and Jayawardana [16] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
2 | Effati-Daryani et al. [6] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
3 | Tsai et al. [26] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
4 | Facco et al. [19] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
5 | Gelaye et al. [21] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
6 | Román-Gálvez et al. [25] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
7 | Toffol et al. [59] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
8 | Polo‐Kantola et al. [10] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
9 | Crowley et al. [4] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
10 | Li et al. [11] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
11 | Jahdi et al. [7] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
12 | Moghadam et al. [17] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
13 | Zahra and Elham [36] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
14 | Rezaei et al. [60] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
15 | Rezaei et al. [39] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
16 | Rezaei et al. [38] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
17 | Volkovich et al. [42] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
18 | Cai et al. [51] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
19 | Qiu et al. [53] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
20 | Juulia Paavonen et al. [13] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
21 | Hall et al. [14] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | |||||
22 | Gay et al. [15] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | |||||
23 | Minar et al. [29] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | |||||
24 | Wilson et al. [35] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | |||||
25 | Tsai et al. [37] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | |||||
26 | Pietikäinen et al. [40] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
27 | O’Brien et al. [45] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
28 | Peng et al. [41] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
29 | Zafarghandi et al. [50] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
30 | Howe et al. [56] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
31 | Gordon et al. [58] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
32 | Lee et al. [1] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
32 | Sut et al. [5] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
34 | Neau et al. [3] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
35 | Mindell et al. [32] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
36 | Chung et al. [20] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
37 | Madaeva et al. [24] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | |||||
38 | Guilleminault et al. [31] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
39 | Hedman et al. [8] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
40 | Ulman et al. [48] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
41 | Cetin et al. [18] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
42 | Uglane et al. [28] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
43 | Spence et al. [27] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
44 | Habr et al. [30] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | |||||
45 | Bourjeily et al. [54] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||||
PRISMA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46 | Kumar [2] | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | - | - | - | * | * | * | - | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
47 | Alvarenga et al. [44] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
48 | Carnelio et al. [47] | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | - | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
49 | Li et al. [55] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
50 | Warland et al. [57] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
51 | St-Onge et al. [33] | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | - | - | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
52 | Gupta et al. [34] | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | - | - | - | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
53 | Stein et al. [49] | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | - | - | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
54 | Sharma [43] | * | - | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | - | - | * | * | * | - | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
CONSORT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
55 | Felder et al. [12] | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
56 | Rezaei et al. [39] | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | - | * | * | * | * | * | * |