Sleep and Actigraphy Research Trends: A Bibliometric and Keyword Network Analysis From 2004 to 2020

Article information

Sleep Med Res. 2021;12(2):147-154
Publication date (electronic) : 2021 December 20
doi : https://doi.org/10.17241/smr.2021.01039
1School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
2Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
Correspondence In Hye Park, RN, MSN School of Nursing, University of Washington, Box 357260, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Tel +1-206-543-8736 Fax +1-206-543-3624 E-mail parkih@uw.edu
Received 2021 September 5; Accepted 2021 October 7.

Abstract

Background and Objective

As sleep is a predictor of quality of life, studying sleep health and measurement is important. Actigraphy as a physiologic measure based on monitoring an individual’s movement has also been increasing in use as it has several advantages over traditional self-reports. This study aimed to report the research trends of sleep and actigraphy using a bibliometric and keyword analysis.

Methods

Using topic search queries, this study collected data from 3955 publications published between 2004 and 2020 and listed in the Web of Science Core Collection. A text-mining unstructured data analysis was performed using author keywords and a bibliographic analysis.

Results

Studies on sleep and actigraphy have been actively conducted in the fields of neurosciences and neurology but not in other fields. A gradual increase in publication and the steep increase in citations related to this topic occurring during the period considered. By clustering the author keywords, the analysis revealed five clusters: 1) monitoring physical activity and blood pressure, 2) measuring sleep quality, 3) insomnia and cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents and children, 4) disorders and circadian rhythms, and 5) shift work. The leading research cluster has changed over the time.

Conclusions

With the increase in the number of studies and citations on sleep and actigraphy over the past 16 years, the trend of sleep and actigraphy studies have shifted from a focus on sleeprelated psychiatric disorders to a focus on cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents and, more recently, the measurement of sleep quality.

INTRODUCTION

A culture that values healthy lifestyles more than previous generations did has led to interest in and research into better sleep [1]. Unfortunately, current studies have shown a gradual increase in sleep deprivation or sleep-related disorders across generations worldwide [2-5]. In fact, sleep clinic visits have been increasing [6]. In addition, the prevalence of insomnia has reached 6%–18% in the general population, although the exact rate depends on the definition of “insomnia” [7]. Insomnia negatively impacts physiological, neurocognitive, and psychological health [8], leading to increasing medical costs and, ultimately, sleep problems as a public issue [9]. Reflecting this trend, physiological diagnostic tools that assess sleep are attracting greater attention.

In particular, physiological sleep measurements have the advantages of tracking one’s real-time sleep patterns and describing sleep stages that may be missed when using memory-dependent traditional sleep questionnaires/logs [10,11]. Actigraphy is a non-invasive, physiologic device that estimates sleep/wake patterns based on an individual’s activity monitoring for weeks or months [12,13]. It can be placed on the wrist, trunk, or ankle, but is usually worn on the non-dominant wrist [14]. As Martin and Hakim [12] described, in the 1950s, a mechanical sensor-based device was used to assess pediatric patients with psychiatric disorders; by the 1970s, it had been developed as a motor-activity monitor for clinical application with mainly psychiatric populations [15,16]. To date, it has been applied to various age groups in clinical studies. Previous studies have reported the high agreement of sleep parameters between actigraphy and polysomnography (PSG), a representative physiological sleep measure known as the gold standard, and also highlighted actigraphy’s cost-effectiveness as it can be used for extended days with simplicity that does not need any specific sleep settings that could disturb one’s sleep compared to PSG [17-19]. Currently, thanks to the small size and light weight of the evolved equipment, actigraphy is more actively used in research and clinical practice.

In studies to date, actigraphy has been used in healthcare-related fields such as medical and nursing to determine patients’ sleep patterns in order to diagnose or treat sleep disorders or to assess the effectiveness of various treatments [11,12]. Some studies related to actigraphy have checked its validity [11]. However, few studies on recent research trends have comprehensively explored the purpose and scope of the use of actigraphy through specific literature searches such as a bibliometric review. A bibliometric analysis is a statistical method used to analyze the contents and trends of published studies through quantification [20]. The benefits of this type of analysis have been valuable in providing a timely, well-characterized review of a certain field of research that may ultimately help researchers guide and predict future research directions [21].

Considering the recent interest in sleep health, sleep-related industry, and quality of life, more demands to explore the research trends of actigraphy, an increasingly common method of sleep assessment, have emerged. Such research will help identify the changes in the utilization scope of actigraphy and its purpose of use, which have continually changed over time, and suggest diversity in insomnia care as well as predict the direction of further related research and clinical practice for assessing patients who complain about sleep problems.

In this study, we adopted a bibliometric method using previous studies to identify the contributions of the research on sleep and actigraphy based on publication keywords, the field of study, cited articles, and the findings of the community defined by the keywords. We analyzed the characteristics of actigraphy and sleep in research according to the frequency of keywords within publications and cluster classification through a bibliometric and keyword analysis to examine the current research trend and related research direction.

METHODS

Data Collection

The present study used data collected from the Web of Science Core Collection using the keywords “actigraphy” AND “sleep” in topic search queries of research published between 1 Jan 2004 and 29 July 2020. The initial search queries identified 3955 publications that contained both words in the title, abstract, and keywords. The Web of Science Core Collection includes scholarly journal publications, books, reports, and conferences indexed in SCI-EXPANDED, SCI, ESCI, and A-HCI. The data were exported with the full record and summary of search queries, such as publication year, research areas, and counties, for further analysis. The Web of Science Core Collection provides two kinds of keywords for each publication; author keywords were chosen rather than keywords plus for the authenticity of the research. However, 852 publications indicated to have missing keywords. Therefore, only 3103 publications contained the author keywords used in this analysis.

Data Analysis

The data were analyzed over three steps. First, a bibliography analysis was conducted by considering a summary of the number of publications and citations, the frequency of research area, and the most cited publications to examine the recent trends in sleep and actigraphy studies. Second, a text-mining unstructured data analysis of author keywords was conducted using the “Text Mining” package in R Software (https://www.r-project.org/). Data were transformed by removing unnecessary words such as “and,” “the,” common English stopwords, and punctuation, replacing similar meaning words as necessary (for example, “activities” to “activity”). The main keywords, “sleep” and “actigraphy,” were excluded from the analysis to determine the frequency of keywords and their networks. In addition, term frequency (tf) and the term-document matrix (tdm) were created to calculate the number of times words occurred in a document and its matrix. Third, the clustering of networks was analyzed using the “iGraph” package (https://igraph.org/r/) by including only keywords that appeared more than 70 times, with weight less than 4 (≤ 4) included for the network analysis. These keywords are representative enough to show the recent trends of interest in sleep health. The networks were generated based on the co-occurrence of keywords. Nodes in the networks represent the keywords connected at the edge with other keywords. The size of nodes in this network was set based on higher hub scores (Kleinberg’s hub centrality scores). Using an optimized modularity score, clusters of networks were made according to the density of subgraphs. Furthermore, publication years in each cluster were calculated for further discussion.

RESULTS

Most Frequent Research Area

From the 94 research fields identified in the sleep and actigraphy research, 42.92% of the studies were categorized as neurosciences and neurology research. Following that, psychiatry constituted 14.64% of the research, while psychology and physiology research areas were ranked the third and fourth most frequent, with 8.77% and 7.21%, respectively. The details of the most frequent research areas are presented in Table 1. Among the publications recorded in the Web of Science Data Collection, 50.34% of them came from the USA, followed by Australia (8.34%), England (7.64%), Canada (6.68%), and Japan (5.31%).

Top 10 most frequent research area (n = 3103)

Publication and Citation Trends

The number of publications gradually increased from 75 to 557 publications between 2004 and 2019. In addition, the number of sum times cited increased exponentially, starting with 21 citations in 2004 and growing to 14241 citations in 2019. More information about the publication and citation trends is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Total of publication and citation number between 2004 and 2019.

Most Cited References

In order to determine the impact of research about sleep and actigraphy, the five most cited references are presented in Table 2. Publications from the clinical neurology and neurology area in 2004 led, with 1349 being cited in the Web of Science Core Collection. The most impactful research was found in Ohayon et al. [22], which aimed to identify sleep patterns in different age groups and sleep latency; the authors found that the percentages of stage 1, stage 2, and rapid eye movement sleep significantly change with age based on a meta-analysis of 40 years of literature. The second most impactful research by Lauderdale et al. [23] was categorized as public, environmental and occupational health research and sought to determine the degree of similarity between self-reported and wrist actigraphy-measured sleep duration. The third, fourth, and fifth most impactful publications were also categorized as clinical neurology and neurosciences research focused on disease and disorder in the central nervous system.

Top 5 most cited references in Web of Science Core Collection

Network and Cluster of Author Keywords of Publications on Sleep and Actigraphy

The network analysis resulted in 48 important keywords related to sleep and actigraphy. The words repeated a minimum of 70 times, ranging from 5 to 41 connections. The main keywords, “sleep” and “actigraphy,” were excluded in this analysis in order to see the research clustering around the topics of the main keywords. Table 3 summarizes the frequency of keywords and the centrality measure of the clustering network. The term “circadian” became the center of the network, with a higher hub score and frequency, followed by the words “rhythm” and “disorder.” The keywords “quality” and “insomnia” also showed high connections in the network. In addition, a cluster analysis of author keywords around the topic of sleep and actigraphy generated five clusters. The visualization of the network is presented in Fig. 2, which includes 1) monitoring physical activity and blood pressure, 2) measuring sleep quality, 3) insomnia and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for adolescents and children, 4) disorders and circadian rhythms, and 5) shift work.

Centrality measure of clustering network

Fig. 2.

Network and cluster analysis result. Red, Cluster 1; yellow, Cluster 2; green, Cluster 3; blue, Cluster 4; purple, Cluster 5.

Trends in Cluster Groups

As seen in Fig. 3, from 2004 to 2007, the studies in Cluster 4 (disorders and circadian rhythms, including bipolar disorder and sleep-wake disorder) were actively investigated the most. However, they were not significantly different from the number of studies in Clusters 2 and 3. From 2007 to 2012, the most investigated studies were in Cluster 3 (insomnia and CBT for adolescents and children), followed by Cluster 2 (measuring sleep quality), Cluster 4, Cluster 1 (monitoring physical activity and blood pressure), and Cluster 5 (shift work). Finally, from 2012 to 2019, the number of studies increased in all clusters. Interestingly, the number of studies in Cluster 2 rose sharply, especially for about two years starting in 2017, showing an unrivaled trend of the rising keywords. Meanwhile, studies in Cluster 3 and Cluster 4 showed similar levels, followed by Cluster 1 and Cluster 5 during the period.

Fig. 3.

Trend of keywords in each groups.

DISCUSSION

This study examined the trends of sleep and actigraphy studies using a bibliometric and keywords analysis based on the Web of Science Core Collection. In the findings, the studies about sleep and actigraphy were, as expected, most active in neuroscience or neurology. Given that neurology deals both directly and indirectly with sleep management, it can be inferred that physiological measurements may also be used to study related sleep physiology and sleep disorders. Furthermore, the results of the U.S.’s outstanding publication of sleep and actigraphy compared to other countries showed that researchers in the U.S. are leading the research and interest in the latest physiological sleep measures. The number of citations is traditionally used to indicate the impact of a particular study [24]. According to the findings of this study, the number of publications increased by about eight times and the sum of the citations increased by about 670 times, showing a steep increase in both interest in and impact of sleep and actigraphy research in the recent 16 years. In particular, a meta-analysis by Ohayon et al. [22], the most cited reference, summarized patterns of sleep with age has changed over 40 years and demonstrated that studies using actigraphy have been included in a variety of literature and cited by many researchers. The second most cited study, by Lauderdale et al. [23], compared self-reports and actigraphy, suggesting that researchers have more recently paid attention to similarities and differences in actigraphy using traditional self-reported methods, showing much interest in how sleep patterns can be used for diagnostic or therapeutic applications.

In addition, we examined the most used keywords around the topic of sleep and actigraphy based on a centrality measure in the network. The pivot words including high connections were circadian rhythms, disorder, sleep quality, and insomnia. This result was anticipated considering that actigraphy, an activity-based device, is used for the evaluation of sleep-wake rhythms and related disorders and insomnia.

Furthermore, the five clusters categorized in the cluster analysis of authors’ keywords revealed the focus of the research over the past 16 years. The first cluster covered the topic of monitoring physical activity and blood pressure. It is not surprising that actigraphy is the unit sensor used to measure humans’ activity and rest cycle. Blood pressure is also well-known to be influenced by one’s activity and sleep as well as vice versa. One of the articles representing this cluster was published by Agarwal and Light [25], who explored the association of ambulatory blood pressure of sleep and physical activity. The second cluster focused on measuring sleep quality. In fact, various sleep studies have sought to measure one’s sleep quality regardless of being healthy or not using physiologic measures like actigraphy. One example of such studies is Chen et al.’s [26] one that measured sleep disturbances, including quantifying sleep disorder breathing, short sleep duration, and poor sleep quality, and expanded the limit of sleep measuring research across different racial and ethnicities. In addition, Schwab et al.’s [27] systematic review evaluating sleep quality among patients in an intensive care unit (ICU), which extended the use of actigraphy to the ICU. The third cluster covered insomnia and CBT for adolescents and children. Insomnia, one of the sleep disorders, is the main key feature in this network. CBT also became prominent in this cluster. CBT has been widely applied and recommended for sleep-related disorders [28,29]. Such representative non-pharmacology therapy can be used more for adolescents and children than other populations. A study by Palermo et al. [30] can be one of examples for this cluster, which explored the effects of CBT for insomnia in adolescents with physical or psychiatric comorbidities. The participants used self-reports and wrist actigraphy to measure sleep quality and behaviors, insomnia, psychological symptoms, and overall health-related quality-of-life outcomes. Disorders and circadian rhythms were main part of the fourth cluster, which broadly incorporated disorders, including sleep-wake and bipolar disorders. The second topic in this cluster, circadian rhythms, is a biological process that allows organisms to have sleep patterns. A representative study about this cluster presented by Esaki et al. [31] demonstrated that light exposure and the effect of blue-blocking were associated with sleep and circadian rhythms in patients with bipolar disorder. The fifth cluster represented sleep patterns and other effects among shift workers. Shift workers, especially night-shift workers, have different natural circadian rhythms than day-shift workers, so their disrupted sleep and treatment have often been discussed and researched [32]. For example, Heath et al. [33] investigated the association among diet, sleep, and mood in shift worker nurses. Another study by Mizuno et al. [34] explored sleep patterns of flight controllers of international space stations. Both studies measured the participants’ sleep using actigraphy.

In the meantime, the leading research cluster has changed over time. First, between 2004 and 2007, actigraphy was widely used in Cluster 4 research related to psychiatric disorders. However, the differences in the number of studies between Cluster 4 and other groups were not significant, suggesting that actigraphy studies were similarly low across all clusters. About five years after 2007, Cluster 3 (insomnia and CBT for children) became the main focus, suggesting that actigraphy was widely used to identify the CBT effects on sleep problems before and after treatment, especially for children and adolescents in clinical practice. Finally, from 2012 to 2019, the number of studies from Cluster 2 (measuring sleep quality) also showed a significant increase in sleep and actigraphy research, which might reflect that actigraphy has been widely used for clinical or research purposes in the last seven years. It can also be inferred that the interest in and importance of sleep quality are being highlighted more as part of the quality of life, where the use of physiological measures is more active than before.

This study offers several methodological advantages. Previous studies on approaches to sleep quality analysis are directly related to several diseases and overall wellness [35]. In order to measure sleep patterns in a natural condition, devices such as actigraphy are known as an efficient method. However, the approach to measure sleep quality itself and the research of the actigraphy still lack a methodological standard that solidifies the outcome generalization [36]. The current study evaluates the current and previous trends of sleep and actigraphy studies in different fields. A combination of bibliometric analysis and semantic network analysis have been used to investigate systematic literature search about sleep and actigraphy from the abundance of information. The bibliometric analysis provided a quantitative analysis of written publications [37] whereas the semantic analysis highlighted the concept and scope in the network forms and perspective [38]. Using the central words and network classification as a result, the concept and scope of sleep and actigraphy studies from the most recent 16 years were defined. This methodology can introduce research that represents a defined scope and identifies the most impactful study in the scope of the field. The rapid growth of research using social network analysis in the early 2000s demonstrated this application embedded in bibliometrics and webmetrics [39]. The study of research trends using a keyword network analysis was used to understand literature in the huge quantitative scale. For example, the study conducted by Kho et al. [40] considered the use of “co-citation” and “co-words” to understand social formations in the organization. In the current study, 3103 publications were collected and analyzed to recognize the research direction and identify new topics [40]. Although previous studies have used a text network analysis, they have often focused on only one journal or a very limited period of time. In the end, the current study offered a more systematic literature review of sleep and actigraphy for a 16-year period.

Notes

Availability of Data and Material

The datasets generated or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors’ Contribution

Conceptualization: Park IH. Data curation: all authors. Formal analysis: all authors. Methodology: all authors. Supervision: Park IH. Validation: all authors. Visualization: all authors. Writing—original draft: all authors. Writing—review & editing: Park IH.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

Funding Statement

None.

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Article information Continued

Fig. 1.

Total of publication and citation number between 2004 and 2019.

Fig. 2.

Network and cluster analysis result. Red, Cluster 1; yellow, Cluster 2; green, Cluster 3; blue, Cluster 4; purple, Cluster 5.

Fig. 3.

Trend of keywords in each groups.

Table 1.

Top 10 most frequent research area (n = 3103)

No Research areas Records (%)
1 Neurosciences neurology 1698 (42.92)
2 Psychiatry 579 (14.64)
3 Psychology 347 (8.77)
4 Physiology 285 (7.21)
5 Life sciences biomedicine other topics 216 (5.46)
6 General internal medicine 192 (4.86)
7 Pediatrics 187 (4.73)
8 Nursing 175 (4.43)
9 Geriatrics gerontology 150 (3.79)
10 Public environmental occupational health 142 (3.59)

Table 2.

Top 5 most cited references in Web of Science Core Collection

No Times cited* Article title Publication year Categories Research areas
1 1349 Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan. 2004 Clinical neurology; neurosciences Neurosciences & neurology
2 727 Self-reported and measured sleep duration: how similar are they? 2008 Public, environmental & occupational health Public, environmental & occupational health
3 640 Practice parameters for the use of actigraphy in the assessment of sleep and sleep disorders: an update for 2007. 2007 Clinical neurology; neurosciences Neurosciences & neurology
4 594 Recommendations for a standard research assessment of insomnia. 2006 Clinical neurology; neurosciences Neurosciences & neurology
5 569 The role and validity of actigraphy in sleep medicine: an update. 2011 Clinical neurology; neurosciences Neurosciences & neurology
*

Times cited Web of Science Core Collection.

Table 3.

Centrality measure of clustering network

Cluster Keywords Frequency Degree Strength Betweeness Hubs
1 Activity 293 35 675 36.50 0.395
Physical 124 24 316 48.17 0.159
Monitoring 99 12 159 4.95 0.045
Pressure 94 11 232 2.50 0.066
Adult 84 14 125 5.00 0.074
Blood 82 9 205 4.33 0.056
Function 74 9 90 1.33 0.054
2 Quality 298 41 610 19.33 0.229
Polysomnography 239 31 395 37.75 0.138
Duration 166 18 221 5.50 0.044
Disease 156 23 281 24.50 0.172
Health 120 25 213 55.07 0.062
Apnea 110 19 173 21.67 0.048
Sleepiness 104 19 185 8.83 0.077
Stress 104 12 112 21.28 0.045
Syndrome 102 17 159 12.67 0.089
Time 91 20 126 85.33 0.048
Study 85 15 120 10.00 0.040
Variability 78 17 131 26.42 0.057
Index 75 17 177 7.50 0.065
Efficiency 72 9 84 2.00 0.016
Validation 72 5 69 1.00 0.024
Diary 71 9 59 26.17 0.028
Obesity 71 11 103 1.33 0.054
3 Insomnia 348 38 728 12.08 0.301
Child 235 27 283 45.83 0.122
Cognition 197 31 473 27.58 0.193
Adolescent 183 28 296 51.03 0.108
Behavior 176 25 405 57.90 0.181
Depression 152 24 306 48.67 0.214
Fatigue 141 23 266 8.95 0.153
Therapy 117 21 368 14.08 0.184
Disturbance 98 17 167 13.83 0.106
Cancer 95 14 213 1.50 0.157
Pain 84 14 124 12.17 0.042
Performance 82 11 116 3.03 0.074
Symptom 72 12 96 2.33 0.038
Chronic 71 16 163 20.87 0.052
4 Disorder 448 38 983 18.67 0.657
Circadian 446 37 1227 7.17 1.000
Rhythm 417 36 1198 31.67 0.996
Melatonin 136 16 313 10.53 0.318
Light 105 19 296 34.45 0.279
Bipolar 88 10 224 4.00 0.253
Sleep-wake 88 10 156 2.50 0.178
Dementia 71 11 131 9.12 0.119
5 Work 79 15 199 7.58 0.099
Shift 71 15 191 11.92 0.090